全球贸易和关税更新

The European Commission and the Trump administration announced an intended trade deal between the European Union and the United States of America. At present, conflicting information on the content of this deal has been shared by both parties. IAAPA is monitoring the situation and will provide updates once the agreement’s official and legally binding terms are published by the competent authorities. The process to finalize this trade deal is expected to take several weeks or months.

Statement by the President on the deal with the United States

Fact Sheet: The United States and European Union Reach Massive Trade Deal – The White House

U.S.–China Trade Talks in Stockholm

On July 28, U.S. Treasury Secretary Scott Bessent and Chinese Vice Premier He Lifeng began talks in Stockholm to extend the tariff truce by 90 days beyond the August 12 deadline. 

If successful, the negotiations may pave the way for a Trump‑Xi summit and Beijing could agree to relax export controls, especially on rare-earth materials—while Washington seeks commitments on fentanyl control and market access. Analysts view this as a critical step to defuse tensions.

U.S.–EU Trade Deal Averts Escalation

• On July 27, U.S. President Donald Trump and EU Commission President Ursula von der Leyen finalized a trade agreement that imposes a 15% tariff on most EU exports to the U.S., down from the previously threatened 30% rate.
• In return, the EU committed to $750 billion in U.S. energy purchases and $600 billion in investments, including military procurements.
• Select strategic goods—such as aircraft parts, semiconductors, generic pharmaceuticals, and chemicals—will fall under a zero-for-zero tariff framework.
• Previous U.S. steel and aluminum tariffs remain at 50%, though discussions are underway about potential adjustments.

Broader “World Tariff” Strategy 
Trump has signaled plans for a broader "world tariff" of 15–20% on imports from countries that haven’t negotiated bilateral agreements, with some facing tariffs as high as 50%, such as Brazil.

• These tariff hikes are set to take effect on August 1, increasing pressure on countries to finalize trade agreements before that deadline.

Trump announced a major trade agreement with Japan: 

U.S. to impose a 15% tariff on Japanese imports—down from an earlier threatened 25%. In return, Japan commits to investing $550 billion in the U.S. and opening markets to American cars, agri-products, and more. 

Markets responded positively, with U.S., Japanese, and European stock gains noted.

Treasury Secretary Scott Bessent shared that U.S.–China officials will meet in Stockholm to discuss an extension beyond the current August 12 deadline for tariff suspension negotiations.

A framework agreement was revealed—Indonesia will lift non-tariff barriers and critical-mineral restrictions. The U.S. agreed to reduce its previously threatened 32% tariff to 19% on Indonesian goods.

Trump announced via Truth Social a deal with the Philippines. The U.S. will impose a 19% reciprocal tariff on Filipino imports (down from a higher threatened rate), while the Philippines reportedly will eliminate tariffs on U.S. exports.

Trump issued an ultimatum to Russia and its trading partners: unless a Ukraine peace deal is reached within 50 days, tariffs on goods from Russia’s allies could reach 100%.

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Trump reached a deal with Indonesia, settling on a 19% U.S. tariff on Indonesian exports (down from a threatened 32%) in exchange for Indonesia purchasing $15 billion in U.S. energy and 50 Boeing aircraft.

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The EU warned these 30% tariffs would “hammer trade”, potentially cutting euro‑area growth by 0.7% and prompting countermeasures.

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Trump targeted his largest trade partners, announcing 30% tariffs on all imports from the EU and Mexico, plus threats to extend duties to Canada (35%) and impose sectoral tariffs (50% on copper, 30% on fentanyl precursors or “pharmaceuticals”).

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Letters continued to U.S. trading partners (Brazil, Japan, South Korea, etc.), with country-specific reciprocal tariffs reaching up to 50%, but implementation delayed to August 1.

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Trump announced a sweeping new tariff wave under his "Liberation Day 2.0" escalation. This included a 50% tariff on copper, plus threatened tariffs up to 200% on pharmaceuticals. Letters warning of impending tariffs (effective August 1) were sent to 14 mostly Asian countries.

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Key Highlights on U.S. Tariffs

• 10% Baseline Tariff:
  As of April, a minimum 10% tariff applies to nearly all U.S. imports, with limited exceptions (e.g., cellphones and computers).
   
• Higher Tariffs on Chinese Imports:
  Goods imported from China face a significantly higher tariff of 30%. 
   
• Country-Specific Tariff Rates:
  Japan (25%)
  Korea (25%)
  South Africa (30%)
  Kazakhstan (25%)
  Laos (40%)
  Malaysia (25%)
  Myanmar (40%)
  Tunisia (25%)
  Bosnia and Herzegovina (30%)
  Indonesia (32%)
  Bangladesh (35%)
  Serbia (35%)
  Cambodia (36%)
  Thailand (36%)
   
• United Kingdom: Imports taxed at the baseline 10% rate.
   
• Steel, Aluminum, and Automotive Imports:
  • Steel & Aluminum: Taxed at 50%, except from the U.K., which is taxed at 25%.
  • Cars & Car Parts: Taxed at 25%, except for goods covered under the USMCA, which remain tariff-free.
     
• U.S.-Mexico-Canada Agreement (USMCA):
  Initial tariffs on Mexican and Canadian imports (25%, or 10% for Canadian energy) were lifted for goods covered under the 2020 USMCA trade deal.
   
• European Union Tariffs:
  Initially set at 20%, then rolled back to 10%. Future increases are possible, with Trump suggesting rates could reach 50%.

The trade environment between the United States and its international partners remains subject to sudden policy shifts, with significant implications for global commerce. The U.S. maintains a baseline 10 percent tariff on most imports from nearly all trading partners, with elevated rates for major economies including China, the European Union, and others. Legal challenges to tariff implementations under the International Emergency Economic Powers Act are progressing through U.S. federal courts, with oral arguments scheduled for July 31, 2025, at the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit. 

A 90-day pause on elevated reciprocal tariffs is set to expire on July 9, 2025, after which tariffs would revert to previously announced levels unless new bilateral agreements are reached or extensions granted. Administration officials have indicated that countries will receive notification by July 9 regarding their tariff status, with increased tariffs taking effect on August 1 for countries that have not secured agreements. However, officials have also suggested that deadlines may be extended for countries demonstrating "good faith" in negotiations, emphasizing flexibility depending on the progress of bilateral discussions. 

This trade landscape remains characterized by ongoing negotiations and the possibility of rapid policy adjustments. The United Kingdom and Vietnam have secured preliminary agreements, while multiple bilateral discussions are underway for additional agreements. Tariff rates may be modified based on negotiation outcomes. IAAPA will continue monitoring these developments closely and providing timely updates to members, as policy changes can occur with limited advance notice and may have immediate operational implications. We encourage all members to stay engaged with our ongoing advocacy efforts during this period of uncertainty.

President Trump Increases Steel & Aluminum Tariffs to Protect U.S. Industries

Protecting National Security
President Trump signed a proclamation raising tariffs on steel and aluminum imports from 25% to 50%, effective June 4, 2025. 

The policy targets unfair trade practices and excess global capacity that threaten U.S. national security. 

Tariffs apply only to the steel and aluminum content of imported goods. 

UK Exemption
Tariffs on steel and aluminum from the United Kingdom remain at 25%, pending changes tied to the U.S.-UK Economic Prosperity Deal (effective July 9, 2025). 

Cracking Down on False Declarations
New enforcement measures will require accurate reporting of steel and aluminum content in imports.

Violators face fines and potential loss of import privileges.

Restoring Fair Trade
Foreign dumping of cheap steel and aluminum has undermined U.S. producers.

Domestic capacity utilization has declined in recent years, with 2023 figures at: 

• Steel: 75.3% 

• Aluminum: 55% 

Revitalizing American Manufacturing 

Section 232 tariffs from Trump’s first term led to: 

• Thousands of jobs added 

• Billions invested in U.S. mills 

• Steel and aluminum imports reduced by nearly a third (2016–2020)

Tariffs Proven Effective
Multiple studies confirm tariffs stimulate domestic production and reshoring: 

U.S. International Trade Commission (2023): Tariffs reduced Chinese imports, boosted U.S. manufacturing. 

Economic Policy Institute: No link between tariffs and inflation. 

Atlantic Council: Tariffs incentivize purchase of U.S.-made goods. 

2024 Economic Study: A 10% global tariff could add $728B to GDP, create 2.8M jobs, and raise incomes by 5.7%.

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The US administration has given the first signs that it is willing to start negotiations with the EU since the pause on retaliatory tariffs. In a letter addressed to the Commission, the US has reacted to a list of potential concessions set out by the EU, including purchases of LNG and soybeans, a willingness to address non-tariff barriers and pursue joint efforts to counter Chinese overproduction. Trade Commissioner Sefcovic spelled out this week that the EU and US should work together to tackle overcapacity in the steel sector, reduce their dependencies on critical minerals and cooperate on sensitive technologies like AI and chips production. However any agreement on tariffs still seems distant and the EU is resigned to the fact that the US still seems intent on keeping some tariffs, particularly the 10% baseline, which remains a red line for the Commission and the Member States.

As a result, the EU will continue to explore a further set of re-balancing measures which are currently under consultation. Given that the initial set of countermeasures to the steel and aluminium tariffs elicited over 600 responses from stakeholders, the Commission is likely to be inundated with special pleading from a wide range of sectors. The EU Trade Ministers' meeting on 15 May simply took stock of the situation as they continue to analyse the impact of the list on their own national industries. Keeping member states on board and maintaining EU unity remains the Commission’s key priority. 

Ministers also heard an initial analysis of the impact on the EU of the deals struck between the US and UK and China. Sefcovic pointed out that details still remained vague, but the impression was that these were very limited in scope and more of a political agreement to start negotiations. Ministers were keen to stress that the EU should not accept any limited deal like the UK one but take the necessary time to agree a fair and balanced partnership. The Polish presidency summed it up: “the main lesson from the UK and Chinese deals would be don’t jump too fast; we don’t need a quick deal, we need a good deal”. 

However, EU Trade Minister will have been acutely aware of President Trump’s latest broadside against the EU, labelling it as “many ways nastier than China” and his assertion that “Oh they’ll come down a lot. You watch. We have all the cards. They treat us very unfairly”. 

One area that the Commission insists it will not be following the UK deal is on regulatory concessions. MEPs in particular have been seeking reassurances from the EU negotiators that EU legislation is not on the table, with particular concerns that new rules on methane leaks could be diluted to help reach a deal on increased LNG deliveries. 

This update was prepared by DGA Group Europe

关税是对进口到美国的商品征收的一种税，由美国进口商支付。关税是政府用来影响贸易政策和谈判外交结果的几种工具之一。关税通常旨在提高进口商品的成本，使其竞争力低于国产替代品。

实施关税后，进口商要么提高价格，要么吸收额外成本，这往往会挤压本已微薄的利润空间。

特朗普总统在其第二任期开始时签署了几项行政命令，引入了新的关税：对从墨西哥和加拿大进口的商品征收 25%的关税，对加拿大能源征收 10%的关税，对来自中国的商品征收 10%的关税。对中国的关税于 2 月 4 日生效，而对加拿大和墨西哥的关税则推迟到 3 月 4 日实施，以便就边境安全和芬太尼贩运问题进行进一步谈判。

3 月 3 日，总统确认推迟的关税将于次日生效，并宣布对中国进口商品额外加征 10%的关税。

2 月 10 日，新的公告恢复并扩大了特朗普第一任期内的 232 条款关税--钢铁 25%，铝 25%（原为 10%），3 月 12 日生效。此前对某些国家和产品的豁免被取消。

2 月 13 日，政府推出了 "公平对等计划"，旨在评估不平衡的贸易关系，并建议相应的对等关税。初步调查结果预计将促使进一步的调查和政策行动。

根据 232 条款启动了更多调查：

2 月 25 日：铜进口及其对国家安全的潜在影响。

3 月 1 日：木材、板材及相关产品（如纸张、家具）的进口。

此外，美国政府还警告称，可能会对汽车、药品、半导体、农业等多个行业以及与欧盟的贸易征收新关税，其中一些行动可能会在 4 月 2 日之后生效。

普遍关税和互惠关税：
4 月 2 日，美国宣布全国进入紧急状态，4 月 5 日开始对所有进口商品征收 10%的普遍关税。随后，针对约 60 个贸易逆差国家征收互惠关税，其中包括 4 月 9 日生效的对中国进口商品征收 34% 的关税。

对中国进口商品加征关税：
作为对中国报复行动的回应，美国提高了对低价值中国进口商品的关税。从价税率从 90% 提高到 120%，邮递物品门槛从 75 美元提高到 100 美元，自 5 月 2 日起生效。

取消最低豁免：
自 5 月 2 日起，取消对中国进口商品 800 美元的免税门槛，以遏制低成本商品的涌入，并解决与中国在合成阿片类药物危机中的作用有关的担忧。

这些变化反映出美国贸易保护主义立场的加强，引发了对通货膨胀、全球供应链中断以及主要贸易伙伴采取报复行动的担忧。

关税如何影响旅游景点行业？
景点行业依赖于零部件和成品的全球供应链。关税--进口商支付的税款--提高了许多此类商品的总体成本，往往导致消费价格上涨。

中小型经营者尤其容易受到影响，因为他们可能缺乏吸收这些成本增加的资源。许多经营者别无选择，只能将这些费用转嫁给顾客，从票价到食品和商品都受到影响。

US and EU avert trade war with 15% tariff deal

Preliminary E.U. Trade Deal Reached After Months of Tense Talks

Fact Sheet: President Donald J. Trump Continues Enforcement of Reciprocal Tariffs and Announces New Tariff Rates

Donald Trump delays higher tariffs but announces new taxes for some countries | BBC News

Navigating the New Tariffs: Legal and Strategic Implications for International Transactions - IAAPA Webinar (May 13, 2025)

The White House.gov Fact Sheets

Office of the United States Trade Representatives 

Bloomberg News 

Trump Tariffs Tracker from Bloomberg.com (Paywall) 

European Commission

Global Trade & Tariff Tracker: Key Developments This Week from DGA Group (April 18, 2025)

Pillsbury Global Trade & Sanctions Law

U.S. Commercial Service | www.trade.gov (PDF)

SelectUSA - One Sheet (PDF)