全球贸易和关税更新

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The US administration has given the first signs that it is willing to start negotiations with the EU since the pause on retaliatory tariffs. In a letter addressed to the Commission, the US has reacted to a list of potential concessions set out by the EU, including purchases of LNG and soybeans, a willingness to address non-tariff barriers and pursue joint efforts to counter Chinese overproduction. Trade Commissioner Sefcovic spelled out this week that the EU and US should work together to tackle overcapacity in the steel sector, reduce their dependencies on critical minerals and cooperate on sensitive technologies like AI and chips production. However any agreement on tariffs still seems distant and the EU is resigned to the fact that the US still seems intent on keeping some tariffs, particularly the 10% baseline, which remains a red line for the Commission and the Member States.

As a result, the EU will continue to explore a further set of re-balancing measures which are currently under consultation. Given that the initial set of countermeasures to the steel and aluminium tariffs elicited over 600 responses from stakeholders, the Commission is likely to be inundated with special pleading from a wide range of sectors. The EU Trade Ministers' meeting on 15 May simply took stock of the situation as they continue to analyse the impact of the list on their own national industries. Keeping member states on board and maintaining EU unity remains the Commission’s key priority. 

Ministers also heard an initial analysis of the impact on the EU of the deals struck between the US and UK and China. Sefcovic pointed out that details still remained vague, but the impression was that these were very limited in scope and more of a political agreement to start negotiations. Ministers were keen to stress that the EU should not accept any limited deal like the UK one but take the necessary time to agree a fair and balanced partnership. The Polish presidency summed it up: “the main lesson from the UK and Chinese deals would be don’t jump too fast; we don’t need a quick deal, we need a good deal”. 

However, EU Trade Minister will have been acutely aware of President Trump’s latest broadside against the EU, labelling it as “many ways nastier than China” and his assertion that “Oh they’ll come down a lot. You watch. We have all the cards. They treat us very unfairly”. 

One area that the Commission insists it will not be following the UK deal is on regulatory concessions. MEPs in particular have been seeking reassurances from the EU negotiators that EU legislation is not on the table, with particular concerns that new rules on methane leaks could be diluted to help reach a deal on increased LNG deliveries. 

This update was prepared by DGA Group Europe

关税是对进口到美国的商品征收的一种税，由美国进口商支付。关税是政府用来影响贸易政策和谈判外交结果的几种工具之一。关税通常旨在提高进口商品的成本，使其竞争力低于国产替代品。

实施关税后，进口商要么提高价格，要么吸收额外成本，这往往会挤压本已微薄的利润空间。

特朗普总统在其第二任期开始时签署了几项行政命令，引入了新的关税：对从墨西哥和加拿大进口的商品征收 25%的关税，对加拿大能源征收 10%的关税，对来自中国的商品征收 10%的关税。对中国的关税于 2 月 4 日生效，而对加拿大和墨西哥的关税则推迟到 3 月 4 日实施，以便就边境安全和芬太尼贩运问题进行进一步谈判。

3 月 3 日，总统确认推迟的关税将于次日生效，并宣布对中国进口商品额外加征 10%的关税。

2 月 10 日，新的公告恢复并扩大了特朗普第一任期内的 232 条款关税--钢铁 25%，铝 25%（原为 10%），3 月 12 日生效。此前对某些国家和产品的豁免被取消。

2 月 13 日，政府推出了 "公平对等计划"，旨在评估不平衡的贸易关系，并建议相应的对等关税。初步调查结果预计将促使进一步的调查和政策行动。

根据 232 条款启动了更多调查：

2 月 25 日：铜进口及其对国家安全的潜在影响。

3 月 1 日：木材、板材及相关产品（如纸张、家具）的进口。

此外，美国政府还警告称，可能会对汽车、药品、半导体、农业等多个行业以及与欧盟的贸易征收新关税，其中一些行动可能会在 4 月 2 日之后生效。

普遍关税和互惠关税：
4 月 2 日，美国宣布全国进入紧急状态，4 月 5 日开始对所有进口商品征收 10%的普遍关税。随后，针对约 60 个贸易逆差国家征收互惠关税，其中包括 4 月 9 日生效的对中国进口商品征收 34% 的关税。

对中国进口商品加征关税：
作为对中国报复行动的回应，美国提高了对低价值中国进口商品的关税。从价税率从 90% 提高到 120%，邮递物品门槛从 75 美元提高到 100 美元，自 5 月 2 日起生效。

取消最低豁免：
自 5 月 2 日起，取消对中国进口商品 800 美元的免税门槛，以遏制低成本商品的涌入，并解决与中国在合成阿片类药物危机中的作用有关的担忧。

这些变化反映出美国贸易保护主义立场的加强，引发了对通货膨胀、全球供应链中断以及主要贸易伙伴采取报复行动的担忧。

关税如何影响旅游景点行业？
景点行业依赖于零部件和成品的全球供应链。关税--进口商支付的税款--提高了许多此类商品的总体成本，往往导致消费价格上涨。

中小型经营者尤其容易受到影响，因为他们可能缺乏吸收这些成本增加的资源。许多经营者别无选择，只能将这些费用转嫁给顾客，从票价到食品和商品都受到影响。

白宫概况介绍

美国贸易代表办公室

彭博新闻

彭博新闻社的特朗普关税追踪（付费墙）

欧盟委员会

全球贸易与关税追踪：本周主要动态，来自 DGA 集团（2025 年 4 月 18 日）

Pillsbury 全球贸易与制裁法

美国商务部 | www.trade.gov (PDF)

选择美国 - 单页 (PDF)